Publication

Abstract : The intermittent nature of Renewable Energy(RE) sources and the variability of Electric Vehicle(EV) charging patterns create complexities in their seamless integration into the distribution system. EVs have challenges such as a lengthy charging sessions and limited range. This paper proposes novel business models for the Integration of Rooftop Solar(RTS) powered Electric Two Wheelers(E2Ws) based Battery Swapping Station(BSS) for in the urban Indian residential context. Design and operational optimization considering uncertainty modelling is done using a Monte Carlo-based stochastic approach to simulate real-life EV charging and swapping scenarios. The economically optimum vehicle charging pattern is identified.This study considers 2 business models. In Model 1, the BSS service provider supplies power solely for BSS with low PV system size. In Model 2, the BSS service provider supplies power for both BSS and residential loads with high PV system size. A comparative study between two models is conducted. Despite the higher initial investment, Model 2 achieves faster payback.