Logic Circuits: Basic Logic Functions- Synthesis of Logic Functions- Minimization of Logic Expressions- K-Maps- Synthesis with NAND and NOR Gates- IC Packages- Decoders and Encoders- Multiplexers and De Multiplexers- Flip Flops- Registers- Counters. Basic Organization of a Computer: Functional Units- Basic Operational Concepts- Bus Structure -Instruction Code- Instruction Sets- Instruction Formats. Types of Instructions: ALU Instructions – Branch Instructions – I/O Operations -Subroutines- Program ExamplesAddressing Modes. RISC and CISC Architectures. Basic Processing Unit: Fundamental Concepts- Execution of a Complete Instruction- Multiple Bus Organization- Hardwired Control – Micro Programmed Control. Arithmetic: Addition and Subtraction of Signed Numbers – Design of Fast Adders – Multiplication of Positive numbers- Signed-Operand Multiplication. Memory System: Basic Concepts– Semiconductor RAM Memories– Read-Only Memories– Cache Memories– Mapping Functions– Replacement Algorithms–Performance Considerations– Virtual Memories. Input-Output Organization: Accessing I/O devices – Programmed Input / Output – Interrupts– Direct Memory Access- Buses – Interface circuits- Standard I/O Interfaces (PCI, SCSI, USB) – I/O devices and Processors.

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