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Dr. Praveen Varma

Head of Department | Professor, Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery (C.V.T.S.), School of Medicine, Kochi

Qualification: MCh, MS
praveenv21204@aims.amrita.edu

Bio

Dr. Praveen Varma completed his MBBS in 1992 and MS General Surgery in 1996 from Calicut Medical College, Kerala. He completed MCh from Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum in 2000. Then, he joined Medical College, Trivandrum as Lecturer in Cardiac Surgery. He worked as Assistant Professor in Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum till 2005.
Then he joined as Resident in Cardio Thoracic Surgery at Boston Medical Center, Boston University and he also served as Chief Resident till 2008. At BMC, he gained more experience in CABGs, Mitral Valve Repair and surgeries for Aortic root.
He worked as senior clinical fellow Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School for 2 years. At Brigham, he gained experience in Minimally Invasive Mitral Valve Repair and AVR, complex reoperation surgeries, Heart Failure surgeries including Transplantation and Ventricular Assist Device placement.
He was appointed as Additional Professor in Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum by the senior staff selection committee.
He is currently working as the Professor and Head of the Department of Cardiovascular & Thoracic Surgery at Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Kochi. His specific areas of interest are beating heart CABG, Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation correction, Mitral valve and Tricuspid valve repair, extended septal myectomy for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, surgery for infective endocarditis and Heart Transplantation. He has been actively involved in resident education.
He is also a reviewer for numerous journals and is also the Editorial Board member of Annals of Cardiac Anesthesia. He has co-authored close to 125 publications in various journals.

Qualification

MS (General Surgery), MCh (CVTS)

Publications

Journal Article

Year : 2024

Early and long-term outcomes of mitral valve replacement with mechanical valve in rheumatic heart disease

Cite this Research Publication : Praveen Kerala Varma, Maniyal Vijayakumar, Neethu Krishna, Renjitha Bhaskaran, Rohik Micka Radhakrishnan, Rajesh Jose, Kirun Gopal & Raman Krishna Kumar, "Early and long-term outcomes of mitral valve replacement with mechanical valve in rheumatic heart disease". Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Volume 40, pages 133–141, (2024), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12055-023-01615-3

Publisher : Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Year : 2024

Outcomes after surgery for infective endocarditis

Cite this Research Publication : Kirun Gopal, Rohik Micka Radhakrishnan, Rajesh Jose, Neethu Krishna & Praveen Kerala Varma, "Outcomes after surgery for infective endocarditis," Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Volume 40, pages 126–137, (2024) DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12055-023-01647-9

Publisher : Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Year : 2024

Selecting the appropriate patients for coronary artery bypass grafting in ischemic cardiomyopathy—importance of myocardial viability

Cite this Research Publication : Varma PK, Radhakrishnan RM, Gopal K, Neethu Krishna & Rajesh Jose "Selecting the appropriate patients for coronary artery bypass grafting in ischemic cardiomyopathy—importance of myocardial viability", Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery (2024). Volume 40, pages 341–352, (2024), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12055-023-01671-9

Publisher : Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Year : 2024

Cardiac Tamponade after Video-Assisted Thoracoscopy Surgical Diaphragmatic Plication

Cite this Research Publication : Nagarjuna Panidapu MD, DM, Devika Poduval MD, DM, Bhakti Patil MD, Rohik Micka Radhakrishnan MS, MCH, Barsha Sen MD, Don Palamattam MD, DM, Thushara Madathil MD, DM, Tony Jose MD, DM, Praveen Kerala Varma MS, MCH, Praveen Neema MD "Cardiac Tamponade after Video-Assisted Thoracoscopy Surgical Diaphragmatic Plication," Annals of Thoracic Surgery Short Reports, DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atssr.2024.02.010, 2024

Publisher : Annals of Thoracic Surgery Short Reports

Year : 2023

Long-term evaluation of TTK Chitra™ heart valve prosthesis — a retrospective-prospective cohort study

Cite this Research Publication : Varma PK, Maniyal Vijayakumar, Gopichettipalayam Subbaratnam Bhuvaneshwar, Adarsh Syla Kumar & Neethu Krishna, "Long-term evaluation of TTK Chitra™ heart valve prosthesis — a retrospective-prospective cohort study," Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Volume 39, pages 14–26, (2023), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12055-022-01437-9

Publisher : Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Year : 2023

Antibacterial bone adhesive cement for preventing sternal infections after cardiac surgery

Cite this Research Publication : Pradeep A, Varma PK, Arumugam , Anjaly MV, Vasudevan AK, Rangasamy J., "Antibacterial bone adhesive cement for preventing sternal infections after cardiac surgery," Ceramics International, Volume 49, Issue 10, 15 May 2023, Pages 16110-16122, DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2023.01.209.

Publisher : Ceramics International

Year : 2023

Revascularization strategy for left main coronary artery disease

Cite this Research Publication : Varma PK. "Revascularization strategy for left main coronary artery disease," Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2023;39: 443-445. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12055-023-01546-z

Publisher : Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Year : 2023

Early and midterm outcomes after off pump coronary artery bypass surgery

Cite this Research Publication : Kirun Gopal, Prashanth Vytla, Neethu Krishna, Greeshma Ravindran, Rohik Micka, Rajesh Jose & Praveen Kerala Varma, "Early and midterm outcomes after off pump coronary artery bypass surgery," Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Volume 39, pages 332–339, (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12055-023-01475-x

Publisher : Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Year : 2023

Fluoroscopy-Guided positioning of the bronchial blocker

Cite this Research Publication : Panidapu N, Lakshmi MB, Madathil T, Micka R, Varma PK, Neema PK. "Fluoroscopy-Guided positioning of the bronchial blocker". Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia, 26(4):p 474-475, Oct–Dec 2023. | DOI: 10.4103/aca.aca_63_23

Publisher : Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia

Year : 2022

Role of myeloid derived suppressor cells in sepsis

Cite this Research Publication : M. Malavika, S. Sanju, M.R. Poorna, Veeraraghavan Vishnu Priya, Neeraj Sidharthan, Praveen Varma, Ullas Mony, Role of myeloid derived suppressor cells in sepsis, International Immunopharmacology, 2022;104:108452. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108452

Publisher : International Immunopharmacology

Year : 2022

Transesophageal Echocardiographic Assessment of the Repaired Mitral Valve: A Proposed Decision Pathway

Cite this Research Publication : Jose Liza Reshmi, G. Gopan, Praveen Kerala Varma, Madathil Thushara, Vanga Babu Sudheer, Rajesh Gopalakrishnan Madavathazhathil, Aveek Jayant, "Transesophageal Echocardiographic Assessment of the Repaired Mitral Valve: A Proposed Decision Pathway." Seminars in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, 2022;26(1):68-82. doi:10.1177/10892532211036655

Publisher : Seminars in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia

Year : 2022

Quantitation of mHLA-DR and nCD64 by Flow Cytometry to Study Dysregulated Host Response: The Use of QuantiBRITE™ PE Beads and Its Stability

Cite this Research Publication : Sanju S, Jain P, Priya VV, Varma PK, Mony U., "Quantitation of mHLA-DR and nCD64 by Flow Cytometry to Study Dysregulated Host Response: The Use of QuantiBRITE™ PE Beads and its Stability," [Published Online ahead of print, 2022 Jan 11]. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2022;1-6. doi:10.1007/s12010-022-03819-6

Publisher : Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology

Year : 2022

IACTS position statement on “2021 ACC/AHA/SCAI Guideline for Coronary Artery Revascularization”: section 7.1—a consensus document

Cite this Research Publication : Om Prakash Yadava, Pradeep Narayan, Chandrasekar Padmanabhan, Lokeswara Rao Sajja, Kunal Sarkar, Praveen Kerala Varma & Vivek Jawali, "IACTS position statement on “2021 ACC/AHA/SCAI Guideline for Coronary Artery Revascularization”: section 7.1—a consensus document," Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 022;38(2):126-133. doi:10.1007/s12055-022-01329-y

Publisher : Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Year : 2022

Role of fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) in the prediction of postoperative atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery

Cite this Research Publication : Jadhav KP, Pai PG, Nair I, Krishnan S, Varma PK, "Role of fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) in the prediction of postoperative atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery," Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2022;38(3):251-261. doi:10.1007/s12055-021-01328-5

Publisher : Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Year : 2022

Correction to: A novel small diameter nanotextile arterial graft is associated with surgical feasibility and safety and increased transmural endothelial ingrowth in pig

Cite this Research Publication : John Joseph, Vito Domenico Bruno, Nadiah Sulaiman, Alexander Ward, Thomas W. Johnson, Helna Mary Baby, Shantikumar V. Nair, Deepthy Menon, Sarah Jane George, Raimondo Ascione, Praveen Kerala Varma & Rajesh Jose, "Correction to: A novel small diameter nanotextile arterial graft is associated with surgical feasibility and safety and increased transmural endothelial ingrowth in pig". Journal of Nanobiotechnology, 2022;20(1):173. Published 2022 Apr 2. doi:10.1186/s12951-022-01371-3

Publisher : Journal of Nanobiotechnology

Year : 2022

Differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells to Cardiomyocytes on Cellulose Nanofibril substrate

Cite this Research Publication : Poorna MR, Pravallika S, Ashok A, Sudhindran S, Thampi MV, Varma PK, Mony U., "Differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells to Cardiomyocytes on Cellulose Nanofibril substrate," Biochemical Engineering Journal, 2022,108521,ISSN 1369-703X,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2022.108521.

Publisher : Biochemical Engineering Journal

Year : 2022

Evaluation of TTK Chitra heart valve prosthesis in pediatric patients

Cite this Research Publication : Praveen Kerala Varma, Raman Krishna Kumar, Gopichettipalayam Subbaratnam Bhuvaneshwar, Neethu Krishna, "Evaluation of TTK Chitra heart valve prosthesis in pediatric patients," Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2023 Jan;39(1):37-41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12055-022-01440-0

Publisher : Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Year : 2022

Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection Repair: Single-Center Outcomes in a Lower-Middle Income Region

Cite this Research Publication : Praveen Reddy Bayya, Shruti Varghese, Jessin Puliparambil Jayashankar, Abish Sudhakar, Rakhi Balachandran, Brijesh Parayaru Kottayil, Balaji Srimurugan, Praveen Kerala Varma, Praveen Kumar Neema, R Krishna Kumar, "Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection Repair: Single-Center Outcomes in a Lower-Middle Income Region," World Journal for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery, 2022;13(4):458-465. doi:10.1177/21501351221103492

Publisher : World Journal for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery

Year : 2022

Early outcomes of cardiac surgical patients who developed COVID 19 in the perioperative period – Results from an online survey

Cite this Research Publication : Valooran GJ, Gopal K, Jose R, Varma PK, "Early outcomes of cardiac surgical patients who developed COVID-19 in the peri-operative period-results from an online survey," Indian J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2022;38(1):115-117. doi:10.1007/s12055-021-01242-w

Publisher : Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Year : 2022

Cardiac tamponade as a presentation of COVID-19 after cardiac surgery

Cite this Research Publication : Gopal K, Ahamed H, Jose R, Varma PK. "Cardiac tamponade as a presentation of COVID-19 after cardiac surgery," Indian J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2022;38(2):191-194. doi:10.1007/s12055-021-01270-6

Publisher : Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Year : 2022

Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Cardiac Surgery Practice and Outcomes

Cite this Research Publication : Kirun Gopal, Neethu Krishna, Rajesh Jose, Surya Sree Chitra Biju, Jaya Suriya Pichandi, Praveen Kerala Varma, "Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Cardiac Surgery Practice and Outcomes," Journal of Chest Surgery, 2022;55(1):61-68. https://doi.org/10.5090/jcs.21.125

Publisher : Journal of Chest Surgery

Year : 2022

Flip-flopping atrial septal occluder in the heart

Cite this Research Publication : Gopal K, Chandrasekharan R, Varma PK. Flip-flopping atrial septal occluder in the heart. Eur Heart J. 2022;43(3):243. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa950

Year : 2022

Do alternative approaches work in surgical septal myectomy?

Cite this Research Publication : Varma PK, Krishna N, Jose R, Gopal K, Ahamed H. Do alternative approaches work in surgical septal myectomy?. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann. 2022; 30(1): 84-91. doi:10.1177/02184923211025396

Year : 2022

Posterior mitral leaflet plication with extended septal myectomy for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy

Cite this Research Publication : Dr. Praveen Varma, Kirun Gopal, Ahamed, H., and Vanga, S. Babu, “Posterior mitral leaflet plication with extended septal myectomy for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy”, Indian J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12055-021-01213-1

Year : 2022

Aortic root widening: “pro et contra”

Cite this Research Publication : Srimurugan B, Krishna N, Jose R, et al. Aortic root widening: “pro et contra”, Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2022;38:91–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12055-020-01125-6

Year : 2021

Surgery for infective endocarditis-analysis of factors affecting outcome

Cite this Research Publication : Gopal K, Krishna N, Varma PK, "Surgery for infective endocarditis-analysis of factors affecting outcome," Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2021;37(4):381-391. doi:10.1007/s12055-021-01137-w

Publisher : Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Year : 2021

Non-classical monocytes and its potential in diagnosing sepsis post cardiac surgery

Cite this Research Publication : Sebastian A, Sanju S, Jain P, Priya VV, Varma PK, Mony U., "Non-classical monocytes and its potential in diagnosing sepsis post cardiac surgery," International Immunopharmacology, 2021, (99), 108037. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108037.

Publisher : International Immunopharmacology

Year : 2021

Application of EuroSCORE II and STS score for risk assessment in Indian patients-are they useful?

Cite this Research Publication : Varma PK. "Application of EuroSCORE II and STS score for risk assessment in Indian patients-are they useful?." Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2021;37(6):716-717. doi:10.1007/s12055-021-01232-y

Publisher : Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Year : 2021

IL-1β, IL-17A, and IL-10: A Novel Axis Linked to Immunological Dysfunction May Pre-Empt Early Diagnosis of Sepsis after Cardiac Surgery

Cite this Research Publication : Mony U, MT, Sidharthan N, Priya VV, Varma PK, "IL-1β, IL-17A, and IL-10: A Novel Axis Linked to Immunological Dysfunction May Pre-Empt Early Diagnosis of Sepsis after Cardiac Surgery," Blood 2021; 138 (Supplement 1): 4957. doi: https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2021-152143

Publisher : Blood

Year : 2021

Perioperative right ventricular function and dysfunction in adult cardiac surgery—focused review (part 2—management of right ventricular failure)

Cite this Research Publication : Varma PK, Srimurugan B, Jose RL, Krishna N, Valooran GJ, Jayant A. "Perioperative right ventricular function and dysfunction in adult cardiac surgery-focused review (part 2-management of right ventricular failure)," Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2022; 38:157–166. doi:10.1007/s12055-021-01226-w

Publisher : Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Year : 2021

Perioperative right ventricular function and dysfunction in adult cardiac surgery—focused review (part 1—anatomy, pathophysiology, and diagnosis)

Cite this Research Publication : Varma PK, Jose RL, Krishna N, Srimurugan B, Valooran GJ, Jayant A. "Perioperative right ventricular function and dysfunction in adult cardiac surgery-focused review (part 1-anatomy, pathophysiology, and diagnosis)," Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2022;38(1):45-57. doi:10.1007/s12055-021-01240-y

Publisher : Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Year : 2021

Design, Development and Evaluation of an Interwoven Electrospun Nanotextile Vascular Patch

Cite this Research Publication : Rosebin Babu, Reshmi C. R., Joseph, J., Binulal Nelson Sathy, Shantikumar V Nair, Dr. Praveen Varma, and Dr. Deepthy Menon, “Design, Development, and Evaluation of an Interwoven Electrospun Nanotextile Vascular Patch”, Macromolecular Materials and Engineering (Article in Press), p. 2100359, 2021.

Publisher : Macromolecular Materials and Engineering

Year : 2021

Different Forms of Chitosan and Its Derivatives as Hemostatic Agent and Tissue Sealants

Cite this Research Publication : Nivedhitha Sundaram M., Aathira Pradeep, Dr. Praveen Varma, and Dr. Jayakumar Rangasamy, “Different Forms of Chitosan and Its Derivatives as Hemostatic Agent and Tissue Sealants”, Advances in Polymer Science, vol. 288, pp. 1-28, 2021.

Publisher : Advances in Polymer Science, Springer,

Year : 2021

Validity of Transesophageal echocardiography in estimating left ventricular filling pressures in anaesthetised patients undergoing cardiac surgery

Cite this Research Publication : Vanga S, Jayant A, Balachandran R, Varma P., "Validity of Transesophageal echocardiography in estimating left ventricular filling pressures in anaesthetised patients undergoing cardiac surgery," Authorea. March 18, 2021. DOI: 10.22541/au.161606542.26025760/v1

Publisher : Authorea

Year : 2021

Mitral Annular Disjunction: A Serendipitous Discovery by Intraoperative Transesophageal Echocardiography

Cite this Research Publication : Thushara Madathil, Sudheer BabuVanga, Reshmi Liza Jose, Gopan Gangadharan, Aveek Jayanth, Praveen Kerala Varma, Patrick Perier, "Mitral Annular Disjunction: A Serendipitous Discovery by Intraoperative Transesophageal Echocardiography," Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, 2021;35(9):2801-2810. doi:10.1053/j.jvca.2021.04.046

Publisher : Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia

Year : 2021

Vasoconstrictor and coagulation activator entrapped chitosan based composite hydrogel for rapid bleeding control

Cite this Research Publication : N. M. Sundaram, Ullas Mony, Dr. Praveen Varma, and Dr. Jayakumar Rangasamy, “Vasoconstrictor and coagulation activator entrapped chitosan based composite hydrogel for rapid bleeding control”, Carbohydrate Polymers, vol. 258, 2021.

Publisher : Carbohydrate Polymers

Year : 2021

Bleeding complications after dual antiplatelet therapy with ticagrelor versus dual antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel—a propensity-matched comparative study of two antiplatelet regimes in off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting

Cite this Research Publication : 14. Varma PK, Ahmed H, Krishna N, et al. Bleeding complications after dual antiplatelet therapy with ticagrelor versus dual antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel-a propensity-matched comparative study of two antiplatelet regimes in off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2021;37(1):27-37. doi:10.1007/s12055-020-01052-6

Publisher : Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Year : 2021

Recent developments in controlling sternal wound infection after cardiac surgery and measures to enhance sternal healing

Cite this Research Publication : Aathira Pradeep, Dr. Jayakumar Rangasamy, and Dr. Praveen Varma, “Recent developments in controlling sternal wound infection after cardiac surgery and measures to enhance sternal healing”, Medicinal Research Reviews, vol. 41, pp. 709-724., 2021.

Publisher : Medicinal Research Reviews,

Year : 2021

Disappearing left atrial appendage clot—the need for a more meticulous search

Cite this Research Publication : Dr. Praveen Varma, Kirun Gopal, and Vanga, S. Babu, “Disappearing left atrial appendage clot—the need for a more meticulous search”, Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Springer, 2021;37(4):467-468. doi:10.1007/s12055-021-01154-9

Publisher : Springer

Year : 2021

Surgical challenges in retrieval of an embolized transcatheter valve from the aorta

Cite this Research Publication : Gopal K, Madathil T, Varma PK. Surgical challenges in retrieval of an embolized transcatheter valve from the aorta, Annals of Thoracic Surgery (2021), doi: https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2021.02.024.

Publisher : Elsevier, ScienceDirect

Year : 2021

Repair of ascending aorta pseudoaneurysm presenting as a chest wall swelling

Cite this Research Publication : Gopal K, Jose R, Reshmi Liza Jose, Varma PK. "Repair of ascending aorta pseudoaneurysm presenting as a chest wall swelling". Asian Cardiovascular and Thoracic Annals, 2021;29(3):226-226. doi:10.1177/0218492320965793

Publisher : Asian Cardiovascular and Thoracic Annals

Year : 2020

Endoscopic Radial Artery Harvesting

Cite this Research Publication : Chathoth V, Gopal K, Jose R, Padmanabhan M, Varma P. Endoscopic Radial Artery Harvesting. January 2020. doi:10.25373/ctsnet.11569743.

Year : 2020

Pacemakers-“an infernal machine that interferes with the will of god”.

Cite this Research Publication : Dr. Praveen Varma, “Pacemakers-"an infernal machine that interferes with the will of god".”, Ann Card Anaesth, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 530-531, 2020.

Publisher : Ann Card Anaesth

Year : 2020

Abnormal mitral valve apparatus is not an indication for mitral valve replacement in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy

Cite this Research Publication : Dr. Praveen Varma and Ahamed, H., “Abnormal mitral valve apparatus is not an indication for mitral valve replacement in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy”, Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 246-247, 2020.

Publisher : Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia

Year : 2020

Cardiac surgery during the times of COVID-19

Cite this Research Publication : Gopal, K., Varma, P.K. Cardiac surgery during the times of COVID-19. Indian J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 36, 548–549 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12055-020-01006-y

Publisher : Springer

Year : 2020

Innate Lymphoid Cells: Potent Early Mediators of the Host Immune Response During Sepsis

Cite this Research Publication : Theertha M., S., S., Priya, V. V., Jain, P., Dr. Praveen Varma, and Dr. Ullas Mony, “Innate Lymphoid Cells: Potent Early Mediators of the Host Immune Response During Sepsis”, Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 2020.

Publisher : Cellular and Molecular Immunology

Year : 2019

Early outcomes in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting

Cite this Research Publication : Agarwal GR, Krishna N, Raveendran G, Jose R, Padmanabhan M, Jayant A, Varma PK. "Early Outcomes in patients undergoing Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting". Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2019;35:168-174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12055-018-0730-3.

Publisher : Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Year : 2019

Successful surgical repair of aorto-esophageal fistula due to fish-bone ingestion

Cite this Research Publication : L. Sreedharan, Neethu Krishna, Gopalakrishnan, U., and Dr. Praveen Varma, “Successful surgical repair of aorto-esophageal fistula due to fish-bone ingestion”, Indian J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 68 - 70, 2019.

Publisher : Indian J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,

Year : 2019

Patients who develop post-operative atrial fibrillation have reduced survival after off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting

Cite this Research Publication : A. Ghurram, Krishna, N., Renjitha Bhaskaran, Kumaraswamy, N., Jayant, A., and Dr. Praveen Varma, “Patients who develop post-operative atrial fibrillation have reduced survival after off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting”, Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 6–13, 2019.

Publisher : Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Year : 2019

Injectable Nano Whitlockite Incorporated Chitosan Hydrogel for Effective Hemostasis

Cite this Research Publication : N. M. Sundaram, Kalyani, E., Amirthalingam Sivashanmugam, Dr. Ullas Mony, Dr. Praveen Varma, and Dr. Jayakumar Rangasamy, “Injectable Nano Whitlockite Incorporated Chitosan Hydrogel for Effective Hemostasis”, ACS Applied Bio Materials, vol. 2, pp. 865-873, 2019.

Publisher : ACS Applied Bio Materials

Year : 2019

Injectable chitosan-nano bioglass composite hemostatic hydrogel for effective bleeding control

Cite this Research Publication : N. M Sundaram, Amirthalingam, S., Dr. Ullas Mony, Dr. Praveen Varma, and Dr. Jayakumar Rangasamy, “Injectable Chitosan-nano Bioglass Composite Hemostatic Hydrogel for Effective Bleeding Control”, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, vol. 129, pp. 936-943, 2019.

Publisher : International Journal of Biological Macromolecules

Year : 2019

Female Gender is not a Risk Factor for Early Mortality after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting.

Cite this Research Publication : A. Gurram, Neethu Krishna, Anu Vasudevan, Baquero, L. Alberto, Aveek Jayant, and Dr. Praveen Varma, “Female Gender is not a Risk Factor for Early Mortality after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting.”, Ann Card Anaesth, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 187-193, 2019.

Publisher : Ann Card Anaesth

Year : 2019

Early and Mid-Term Outcomes of Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in Ischemic Cardiomyopathy.

Cite this Research Publication : Rajesh Jose, Shetty, A., Neethu Krishna, Chathoth, V., Renjitha Bhaskaran, Aveek Jayant, and Dr. Praveen Varma, “Early and Mid-Term Outcomes of Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in Ischemic Cardiomyopathy.”, J Am Heart Assoc, vol. 8, no. 10, p. e010225, 2019.

Publisher : J Am Heart Assoc

Year : 2019

Detection of Dysregulated Host Response By Flow Cytometry May Pre-Empt Early Diagnosis of Sepsis after Cardiac Surgery

Cite this Research Publication : Dr. Ullas Mony, S., S., Jain, P., K., S., Sebastian, A., Theertha M., Dr. Neeraj Siddarthan, and Dr. Praveen Varma, “Detection of Dysregulated Host Response By Flow Cytometry May Pre-Empt Early Diagnosis of Sepsis after Cardiac Surgery”, Blood, vol. 134, pp. 4863-4863, 2019.

Publisher : Blood

Year : 2019

Coarctation of aorta aneurysm with aberrant right subclavian artery and single carotid artery: Surgical and perfusion strategies.

Cite this Research Publication : B. Kavumkal Rajagopalan, Rajesh Jose, Kader, N. Puthukudiy, and Dr. Praveen Varma, “Coarctation of aorta aneurysm with aberrant right subclavian artery and single carotid artery: Surgical and perfusion strategies.”, J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, vol. 157, no. 1, pp. e17-e19, 2019.

Publisher : J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg

Year : 2018

Giant left atrial myxoma causing mitral inflow and pulmonary venous obstruction

Cite this Research Publication : Valooran, G and Dr. Praveen Varma, “Giant left atrial myxoma causing mitral inflow and pulmonary venous obstruction”, Kerala Medical Journal, 11(4), 115-117.


Publisher : Kerala Medical Journal

Year : 2018

A Case Series and Review of Bacillus Cereus Endocarditis from India

Cite this Research Publication : A. Gopinathan, Anil Kumar, Sen, A. C., Sudha, S., Dr. Praveen Varma, Gs, S., Eapen, M., and Dinesh, K. R., "A Case Series and Review of Bacillus Cereus Endocarditis from India”, Open Microbiology Journal, vol. 12, pp. 28-33, 2018. DOI:10.2174/1874285801812010028

Publisher : Open Microbiology Journal

Year : 2018

Transforming Nanofibers into Woven Nanotextiles for Vascular Application

Cite this Research Publication : J. Joseph, Krishnan, A. G., Cherian, A. M., Rajagopalan, B., Jose, R., Dr. Praveen Varma, Maniyal, V., Balakrishnan, S., Shantikumar V Nair, and Dr. Deepthy Menon, “Transforming Nanofibers into Woven Nanotextiles for Vascular Application”, ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, vol. 10, pp. 19449-19458, 2018. DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b05096.

Publisher : ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces

Year : 2018

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement: Role of anesthesiologists.

Cite this Research Publication : Dr. Praveen Varma and Neethu Krishna, “Transcatheter aortic valve replacement: Role of anesthesiologists.”, Ann Card Anaesth, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 285-286, 2018.

Publisher : Ann Card Anaesth

Year : 2018

Rationale for change in the criteria for defining severe ischemic mitral regurgitation in 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines

Cite this Research Publication : R. Liza Jose and Dr. Praveen Varma, “Rationale for change in the criteria for defining severe ischemic mitral regurgitation in 2017 American College of Cardiology/American heart association guidelines.”, Ann Card Anaesth, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 464-465, 2018.

Publisher : Ann Card Anaesth,

Year : 2018

Rationale for change in the criteria for defining severe ischemic mitral regurgitation in 2017 American College of Cardiology/American heart association guidelines.

Cite this Research Publication : R. Liza Jose and Dr. Praveen Varma, “Rationale for change in the criteria for defining severe ischemic mitral regurgitation in 2017 American College of Cardiology/American heart association guidelines.”, Ann Card Anaesth, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 464-465, 2018.

Publisher : Ann Card Anaesth

Year : 2018

Predictors of acute kidney injury in patients undergoing adult cardiac surgery.

Cite this Research Publication : Sreja Gangadharan, K. R. Sundaram, Senthilvelan Vasudevan, B. Ananthakrishnan, Rakhi Balachandran, Abraham Cherian, Praveen Kerala Varma, Luis Bakero Gracia, K. Murukan, Ashish Madaiker, Rajesh Jose, Rakesh Seetharaman, Kirun Gopal, Sujatha Menon, M. Thushara, Reshmi Liza Jose, G. Deepak, Sudheer Babu Vanga, and Aveek Jayant, "Predictors of Acute Kidney Injury in Patients Undergoing Adult Cardiac Surgery". Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia 2018;21:448-54. DOI: 10.4103/aca.ACA_21_18.

Publisher : Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia

Year : 2018

Posterior mitral leaflet plication for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.

Cite this Research Publication : Dr. Praveen Varma, Krishna, N., Dr. Hisham Ahamed, and Madassery, S., “Posterior mitral leaflet plication for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.”, Asian Cardiovascular and Thoracic Annals, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 400-403, 2018.

Publisher : Asian Cardiovascular and Thoracic Annals .

Year : 2018

Left Atrial Approach to Septal Myectomy: Word of Caution.

Cite this Research Publication : Dr. Praveen Varma and Dr. Hisham Ahamed, “Left Atrial Approach to Septal Myectomy: Word of Caution.”, Annals of Thoracic Surgery, vol. 106, no. 5, pp. 1591-1592, 2018.


Publisher : Annals of Thoracic Surgery

Year : 2018

Bioadhesive, Hemostatic, and Antibacterial in Situ Chitin-Fibrin Nanocomposite Gel for Controlling Bleeding and Preventing Infections at Mediastinum

Cite this Research Publication : Nivedhitha Sundaram M., V. Kaliannagounder, K., Selvaprithiviraj, V., Suresh, M., Biswas, R., Vasudevan, A. K., Dr. Praveen Varma, and Dr. Jayakumar Rangasamy, “Bioadhesive, Hemostatic, and Antibacterial in Situ Chitin-Fibrin Nanocomposite Gel for Controlling Bleeding and Preventing Infections at Mediastinum”, ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering, vol. 6, pp. 7826-7840, 2018.

Publisher : ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering, American Chemical Society

Year : 2017

Ischemic mitral regurgitation

Cite this Research Publication : Dr. Praveen Varma, Neethu Krishna, Jose, R. Liza, and Madkaiker, A. Narayan, "Ischemic mitral regurgitation", Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 432-439, 2017.

Publisher : Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia

Year : 2016

Prosthetic heart valve thrombosis in pregnancy

Cite this Research Publication : Rajesh Jose, Dr. Praveen Varma, and Agarwal, G., “Prosthetic heart valve thrombosis in pregnancy”, Kerala Heart Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, 2016.

Publisher : Kerala Heart Journal,

Year : 2016

PHV thrombosis in pregnancy

Cite this Research Publication : Dr. Praveen Varma, Agarwal, G., and Jose, R., “PHV thrombosis in pregnancy”, Kerala Heart Journal, 2016.

Publisher : Kerala Heart Journal

Year : 2016

Superior Vena Cava Syndrome Caused by Pacemaker Leads

Cite this Research Publication : Dr. Praveen Varma, Madkaiker, A. N., Krishna, N., Rajesh Jose, Balasubramoniam, K. R., Murukan, P., and Baquero, L., “Superior Vena Cava Syndrome Caused by Pacemaker Leads”, The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, vol. 101, no. 6, 2016.

Publisher : The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, ScienceDirect

Year : 2016

Infected pseudoaneurysm of the left anterior descending artery

Cite this Research Publication : Dr. Praveen Varma, Madkaiker, A., Krishna, N., and Kumaraswamy, N., “Infected pseudoaneurysm of the left anterior descending artery”, no. November 01, 2016, 2016.

Publisher : BMJ Case Reports

Year : 2015

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Cite this Research Publication : Varma PK, Raman SP, Neema PK, Shekar PS. "Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy," Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2015; 31(2):153-161

Publisher : Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Year : 2015

CASE 10–2015: Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: Role of Intraoperative Real-Time Three-Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography

Cite this Research Publication : Dr. Praveen Varma, Namboodiri, N., Raman, S. Puthuvasse, Pappu, U. Koraparamb, Gadhinglajkar, S. Vitthal, Ho, J., Owais, K., and Mahmood, F., “CASE 10–2015: Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: Role of Intraoperative Real-Time Three-Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography”, Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 1365 - 1375, 2015.

Publisher : Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia,

Year : 2015

A case of rheumatic mitral stenosis with subaortic ventricular septal defect and anomalous right coronary artery from left sinus

Cite this Research Publication : M. Idhrees Abdulsamath, Pillai, V., Radhakrishnan, B., Paniker, V., Dr. Praveen Varma, and Karunakaran, J., “A case of rheumatic mitral stenosis with subaortic ventricular septal defect and anomalous right coronary artery from left sinus”, Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery volume, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 184 - 186, 2015.

Publisher : Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Year : 2015

Surgeries for End Stage Heart Failure

Cite this Research Publication : Dr. Praveen Varma and Krishna, N., “Surgeries for End Stage Heart Failure”, Chettinad Health City Medical Journal, vol. 4, pp. 36 - 39, 2015.

Publisher : Chettinad Health City Medical Journal

Year : 2015

Risk Stratification in Cardiac Surgery

Cite this Research Publication : Krishna, Anirudh Nair, and Dr. Praveen Varma, “Risk Stratification in Cardiac Surgery”, Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2015.

Publisher : Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Year : 2015

Risk Assessment Scores in Cardiac Surgery

Cite this Research Publication : Dr. Praveen Varma, “Risk Assessment Scores in Cardiac Surgery”, Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia, vol. 18, pp. 170-171, 2015.

Publisher : Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia

Year : 2014

Prediction of post-operative atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. Light at the end of tunnel?

Cite this Research Publication : Varma PK. "Prediction of post-operative atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. Light at the end of tunnel?" Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia, Vol. 17, Issue 3, 2014 Jul-Sep; 187-90 (Invited Commentary)

Publisher : Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia

Year : 2014

Primary Modified Bentall’s Procedure in a Case of Laubry-Pezzi Syndrome

Cite this Research Publication : B. K. Radhakrishnan, A., M. Idhrees, Devarajan, S., Panicker, V. T., Pillai, V. V., Dr. Praveen Varma, and Karunakaran, J., “Primary Modified Bentall's Procedure in a Case of Laubry-Pezzi Syndrome”, The Annals of Thoracic SurgeryThe Annals of Thoracic Surgery, vol. 98, no. 4, pp. 1445 - 1447, 2014.

Publisher : The Annals of Thoracic SurgeryThe Annals of Thoracic Surgery, Elsevier,

Year : 2014

Demographic profile, clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting—retrospective analysis of 4,024 patients

Cite this Research Publication : Dr. Praveen Varma, Kundan, S., Ananthanarayanan, C., Panicker, V. Thomas, Pillai, V. Velayudhan, Sarma, P. Sankara, and Karunakaran, J., “Demographic profile, clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting—retrospective analysis of 4,024 patients”, Indian J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 272 - 277, 2014.

Publisher : Indian J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,

Year : 2014

Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography diagnosis of concomitant hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with anomalous insertion of a papillary muscle band to the interventricular septum in a patient for aortic valve replacement.

Cite this Research Publication : Dr. Praveen Varma, Raman, S. Puthuvasse, Unnikrishnan, K. Pappu, Kundan, S., and Gadhinglajkar, S. Vitthal, “Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography diagnosis of concomitant hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with anomalous insertion of a papillary muscle band to the interventricular septum in a patient for aortic valve replacement.”, J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. e56-58, 2014.

Publisher : J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth,

Year : 2014

Intra-Operative Three Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography Guided Left Resynchronization Therapy

Cite this Research Publication : Dr. Praveen Varma, N, N., SP, R., KP, U., and SV, G., “Intra-Operative Three Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography Guided Left Resynchronization Therapy”, J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesthesia, 2014.

Publisher : J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesthesia,

Year : 2014

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy part II–anesthetic and surgical considerations

Cite this Research Publication : Varma PK, Raman SP, Neema PK. "Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy part II--anesthetic and surgical considerations," Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia, 2014; 17 (3):211-21. (Review)

Publisher : Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia

Year : 2014

Real-time three-dimensional transoesophageal echocardiography for diagnosing the extent of dehiscence of Starr-Edward valve prosthesis in the mitral position.

Cite this Research Publication : S. Kundan, Dr. Praveen Varma, and Koshy, T., “Real-time three-dimensional transoesophageal echocardiography for diagnosing the extent of dehiscence of Starr-Edward valve prosthesis in the mitral position.”, Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging, vol. 15, no. 9, p. 1060, 2014.

Publisher : Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging,

Year : 2014

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Part 1 – Introduction, pathology and pathophysiology

Cite this Research Publication : Dr. Praveen Varma and Neema, P., “Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Part 1 - Introduction, pathology and pathophysiology”, Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 118-124, 2014.

Publisher : Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia,

Year : 2014

Emergency mitral valve replacement for acute severe mitral regurgitation following balloon mitral valvotomy: Pathophysiology of hemodynamic collapse and peri-operative management issues

Cite this Research Publication : P. Bayya, Dr. Praveen Varma, Raman, S., and Neema, P., “Emergency mitral valve replacement for acute severe mitral regurgitation following balloon mitral valvotomy: Pathophysiology of hemodynamic collapse and peri-operative management issues”, Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia, vol. 17, no. 1, p. 52, 2014.

Publisher : Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia,

Year : 2014

Magnetic resonance imaging of complex partial anomalous pulmonary venous return in adults.

Cite this Research Publication : B. L. Robinson, Kwong, R. Y., Dr. Praveen Varma, Wolfe, M., and Couper, G., “Magnetic resonance imaging of complex partial anomalous pulmonary venous return in adults.”, Circulation, vol. 129, no. 1, pp. e1-2, 2014.

Publisher : Circulation,

Year : 2013

False diagnosis of acute Type A dissection

Cite this Research Publication : Dr. Praveen Varma and MU, M., “False diagnosis of acute Type A dissection”, Ann Cardiac Anaesth, vol. 16, no. 3, p. 225, 2013.


Publisher : Ann Cardiac Anaesth

Year : 2013

Plasma Exchange Transfusion for Management of Altered Heparin Responsiveness Before Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Cite this Research Publication : S. Gadhinglajkar, Sreedhar, R., Dr. Praveen Varma, and Pal, S., “Plasma Exchange Transfusion for Management of Altered Heparin Responsiveness Before Cardiopulmonary Bypass”, Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular AnesthesiaJournal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. e58 - e60, 2013.

Publisher : Elsevier

Year : 2013

A small step in the right direction

Cite this Research Publication : Dr. Praveen Varma, “A small step in the right direction.”, Ann Card Anaesth, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 167-8, 2013.

Publisher : Ann Card Anaesth

Year : 2012

CASE 5–2012: incidentally detected patent foramen ovale in a patient undergoing aortic valve replacement: to close or not to close?

Cite this Research Publication : S. Misra, Dash, P. Kumar, Koshy, T., Dr. Praveen Varma, Pal, S., Dineshkumar, U. Shanmukhas, Banayan, J., and Capdeville, M., “CASE 5--2012: incidentally detected patent foramen ovale in a patient undergoing aortic valve replacement: to close or not to close?”, J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 721-728, 2012.

Publisher : J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth,

Year : 2010

Anesthetic management for surgical repair of Ebstein’s anomaly along with coexistent Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in a patient with severe mitral stenosis.

Cite this Research Publication : P. Kumar Sinha, Kumar, B., and Dr. Praveen Varma, “Anesthetic management for surgical repair of Ebstein's anomaly along with coexistent Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in a patient with severe mitral stenosis.”, Ann Card Anaesth, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 154-8, 2010.

Publisher : Ann Card Anaesth

Year : 2009

Endograft collapse after thoracic stent-graft repair for traumatic rupture

Cite this Research Publication : H. L. Lazar, Dr. Praveen Varma, Shapira, O. M., Soto, J., and Shaw, P., “Endograft collapse after thoracic stent-graft repair for traumatic rupture”, Ann Thorac Surg . , vol. 87, no. 5, pp. 1582-1583, 2009.

Publisher : Ann Thorac Surg . ,

Year : 2008

Transmitral endocavitory repair of left ventricular psuedoaneurysm : a simplified approach in patients requiring concomitant mitral valve surgery

Cite this Research Publication : Sinha P, Varma P, Korach A, Shapira O., "Transmitral endocavitory repair of left ventricular psuedoaneurysm : a simplified approach in patients requiring concomitant mitral valve surgery," The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2008; 135(6):1382-3

Publisher : The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Year : 2008

Perioperative issues due to long-standing lung collapse during repair of a large ascending aortic aneurysm.

Cite this Research Publication : P. Kumar Neema, Dr. Praveen Varma, Manikandan, S., and Rathod, R. Chandra, “Perioperative issues due to long-standing lung collapse during repair of a large ascending aortic aneurysm.”, Ann Card Anaesth, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 119-22, 2008.

Publisher : Ann Card Anaesth,

Year : 2008

Transmitral endocavitary repair of inferior left ventricular pseudoaneurysm: A simplified approach in patients requiring concomitant mitral valve surgery

Cite this Research Publication : P. Sinha, Dr. Praveen Varma, Korach, A., and Shapira, O. M., “Transmitral endocavitary repair of inferior left ventricular pseudoaneurysm: A simplified approach in patients requiring concomitant mitral valve surgery”, The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery, vol. 135, no. 6, pp. 1382–1383, 2008.

Publisher : The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery, Mosby,

Year : 2007

Case 2–2007: Systemic air embolization after termination of cardiopulmonary bypass (Case Conference)

Cite this Research Publication : Neema PK, Pathak S, Varma PK, Manikandan S, Rathod RC, Tempe DK, Tung A. "Sytemic air embolization after termination of cardio-pulmonary bypass (case conference)," Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia. 2007;21 (2):288-97

Publisher : Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia

Year : 2007

Case 2—2007 Systemic Air Embolization After Termination of Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Cite this Research Publication : P. Kumar Neema, Pathak, S., Dr. Praveen Varma, Manikandan, S., Rathod, R. Chandra, Tempe, D. K., and Tung, A., “Case 2—2007 Systemic Air Embolization After Termination of Cardiopulmonary Bypass”, Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 288–297, 2007.

Publisher : Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia

Year : 2007

Fatal endotracheal haemorrhage in a patient undergoing repair of a large ascending aortic aneurysm

Cite this Research Publication : P. K. Neema, Manikandan, S., Rathod, R. C., and Dr. Praveen Varma, “Fatal endotracheal haemorrhage in a patient undergoing repair of a large ascending aortic aneurysm.”, European Journal of Anaesthesiology, vol. 24, no. 7, pp. 646-7, 2007.

Publisher : European Journal of Anaesthesiology,

Year : 2006

Holt-oram syndrome with hemi-azygous continuation of inferior venacava

Cite this Research Publication : Varma PK, Padmakumar R, Harikrishnan S, Koshy T, Neelakandhan KS., "Holt-oram syndrome with hemi-azygous continuation of inferior venacava," Asian Cardiovascular and Thoracic Annals, 2006; 14 :161-3

Publisher : Asian Cardiovascular and Thoracic Annals

Year : 2006

Severe mitral regurgitation after percutaneous transmitral commissurotomy: Underestimated subvalvar disease. Reply to editor

Cite this Research Publication : Varma PK, Neema PK. "Severe mitral regurgitation after percutaneous transmitral commissurotomy: Underestimated subvalvar disease. Reply to editor," Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2006; 131(4): 927-8. DOI:10.1016/j.itcvs.2005.10.043

Publisher : Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Year : 2006

Effect of lung ventilation with 50% oxygen in air or nitrous oxide versus 100% oxygen on oxygenation index after cardiopulmonary bypass

Cite this Research Publication : Sinha PK, Neema PK, Unnikrishnan KP, Varma PK, Jayakumar K, Rathod RC., "Effect of lung ventilation with 50% oxygen in air or nitrous oxide versus 100% oxygen on oxygenation index after cardiopulmonary bypass," Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, 2006; 20:136-42 (Original Article)

Publisher : Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia

Year : 2006

Syphilitic aneurysm eroding the chest wall.

Cite this Research Publication : Dr. Praveen Varma and Neelakandhan, K. S., “Syphilitic aneurysm eroding the chest wall.”, Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann, vol. 14, no. 4, p. 351, 2006.


Publisher : Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann

Year : 2006

Case 4–2006: Coexistent hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, mitral stenosis, and coronary artery fistula. (Case Conference)

Cite this Research Publication : P. Kumar Neema, Dr. Praveen Varma, Sinha, P. Kumar, Rathod, R. Chandra, Mahmood, F., Park, K. W., and Shernan, S., “Case 4--2006: Coexistent hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, mitral stenosis, and coronary artery fistula. (Case Conference)”, J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 594-605, 2006.


Publisher : J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth

Year : 2006

Late Entrapment of Ball and Cage Valve in Mitral Position

Cite this Research Publication : J. G. Akbari, Dr. Praveen Varma, Gadhinglajkar, S. V., and Neelakandhan, K. S., “Late Entrapment of Ball and Cage Valve in Mitral Position”, Asian Cardiovascular and Thoracic Annals, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. e1-e3, 2006.


Publisher : Asian Cardiovascular and Thoracic Annals

Year : 2006

Post percutaneous transmitral commissurotomy mitral regurgitation; Underestimated Subvalvar Disease. Reply to editor

Cite this Research Publication : Dr. Praveen Varma and Neema, P. Kumar, “Post percutaneous transmitral commissurotomy mitral regurgitation; Underestimated Subvalvar Disease. Reply to editor”, J Thorac Cardio Vasc Surg, vol. 131, no. 4, pp. 927-928, 2006.


Publisher : J Thorac Cardio Vasc Surg

Year : 2006

Holt-Oram Syndrome with Hemiazygous Continuation of Inferior Vena Cava

Cite this Research Publication : Dr. Praveen Varma, Padmakumar, R., Harikrishnan, S., Koshy, T., and Neelakandhan, K. S., “Holt-Oram Syndrome with Hemiazygous Continuation of Inferior Vena Cava”, Asian Cardiovascular and Thoracic Annals, vol. 14, pp. 161-163, 2006.


Publisher : Asian Cardiovascular and Thoracic Annals

Year : 2005

Emergency surgery following balloon mitral valvotomy, operative findings Vs echocardiography findings, mechanism of complications and outcomes

Cite this Research Publication : Varma PK, Theodre S, Neema PK, Ramachandran P, Harikrishnan S, Nair KK, Neelakandhan KS., "Emergency surgery following balloon mitral valvotomy, operative findings Vs echocardiography findings, mechanism of complications and outcomes," The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 2005: 130 (3); 772-76.

Publisher : The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Year : 2005

Spontaneous iliac arteriovenous fistula: recognition and management

Cite this Research Publication : M. Krishna, Theodore, S., Dr. Praveen Varma, and Neelakandhan, K. S., “Spontaneous iliac arteriovenous fistula: recognition and management”, Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery (Torino), vol. 46, no. 2, p. 181, 2005.

Publisher : Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery

Year : 2005

Late aneurysm formation with destruction of the left lung after subclavian flap angioplasty for coarctation of aorta.

Cite this Research Publication : S. Theodore, Dr. Praveen Varma, Neema, P. Kumar, and Neelakandhan, K. Sankaran, “Late aneurysm formation with destruction of the left lung after subclavian flap angioplasty for coarctation of aorta.”, J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, vol. 129, no. 2, pp. 468-9, 2005.

Publisher : J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,

Year : 2005

Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia after radiofrequency maze procedure: report of two cases.

Cite this Research Publication : S. Kumar Dora, Dr. Praveen Varma, Parija, C., Nair, K., Sreedhar, R., Neelakandhan, K. Sankaran, and Tharakan, J., “Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia after radiofrequency maze procedure: report of two cases.”, J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, vol. 129, no. 2, pp. 446-7, 2005.


Publisher : J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg

Year : 2005

Vocal cord dysfunction in two patients after mitral valve replacement: consequences and mechanism.

Cite this Research Publication : P. Kumar Neema, Sinha, P. Kumar, Dr. Praveen Varma, and Rathod, R. Chandra, “Vocal cord dysfunction in two patients after mitral valve replacement: consequences and mechanism.”, J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 83-5, 2005.


Publisher : J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth,

Year : 2005

Surgical interruption of patent ductus arteriosus in a child with severe aortic stenosis: anesthetic considerations

Cite this Research Publication : P. Kumar Neema, Tambe, S., Unnikrishnan, M., Dr. Praveen Varma, and Rathod, R. Chandra, “Surgical interruption of patent ductus arteriosus in a child with severe aortic stenosis: anesthetic considerations.”, Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 784-5, 2005.


Publisher : Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia

Year : 2005

Emergency surgery after percutaneous transmitral commissurotomy: Operative versus echocardiographic findings, mechanisms of complications, and outcomes

Cite this Research Publication : Dr. Praveen Varma, Theodore, S., Neema, P. Kumar, Ramachandran, P., Sivadasanpillai, H., Nair, K. Kumar, and Neelakandhan, K. Sankaran, “Emergency surgery after percutaneous transmitral commissurotomy: Operative versus echocardiographic findings, mechanisms of complications, and outcomes”, The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, vol. 130, no. 3, pp. 772 - 776, 2005.


Publisher : The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Year : 2005

Clinical Profile and Surgical Outcome for Pulmonary Aspergilloma: A Single Center Experience

Cite this Research Publication : J. Gopal Akbari, Dr. Praveen Varma, Neema, P. Kumar, Menon, M. Unnikrishn, and Neelakandhan, K. Sankaran, “Clinical Profile and Surgical Outcome for Pulmonary Aspergilloma: A Single Center Experience”, The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, vol. 80, no. 3, pp. 1067 - 1072, 2005.


Publisher : The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, Elsevier

Year : 2005

Clinical profile of post-operative ductal aneurysm and usefulness of sternotomy and circulatory arrest for its repair

Cite this Research Publication : Dr. Praveen Varma, Vallath, G., Neema, P. Kumar, Sinha, P. Kumar, Sivadasanpillai, H., Menon, M. Unnikrishn, and Neelakandhan, K. Sankaran, “Clinical profile of post-operative ductal aneurysm and usefulness of sternotomy and circulatory arrest for its repair”, European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 416–419, 2005.

Publisher : European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery, Elsevier Science BV

Year : 2004

Long-Term Follow-up of Aortic Valve Replacement in Children

Cite this Research Publication : M. S. Harikrishnan, Nair, K., Krishnamoorthy, K. M., JA, T., Dr. Praveen Varma, Dora, S. K., Harikrishnan, S., Titus, T., Ajithkumar, V. K., Sivasankaran, S., Rajeev, E., Namboodiri, K. K. N., and Neelakandhan, K. S., “Long-Term Follow-up of Aortic Valve Replacement in Children”, Indian Heart J. , vol. 56, no. 5, 2004.


Publisher : Indian Heart J.

Year : 2004

Fatal post-operative gastro intestinal hemorrhage because of angio-dysplasia of small intestine in aortic regurgitation

Cite this Research Publication : Dr. Praveen Varma, Misra, M., Radhakrishnan, V. Venkatrama, and Neelakandhan, K. Sankaran, “Fatal post-operative gastro intestinal hemorrhage because of angio-dysplasia of small intestine in aortic regurgitation”, Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic surgery, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 118–120, 2004.


Publisher : Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery

Year : 2004

Controlled aortic root perfusion: a novel method to treat refractory ventricular arrhythmias after aortic valve replacement

Cite this Research Publication : S. Vitthal Gadhinglajkar, Sreedhar, R., and Dr. Praveen Varma, “Controlled aortic root perfusion: a novel method to treat refractory ventricular arrhythmias after aortic valve replacement”, Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 197–200, 2004.


Publisher : Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, Elsevier

Year : 2004

Simultaneous repair of bilateral multiple emphysematous bullae with a secundum atrial septal defect.

Cite this Research Publication : P. Kumar Neema, Sinha, P. Kumar, Dr. Praveen Varma, and Rathod, R. Chandra, “Simultaneous repair of bilateral multiple emphysematous bullae with a secundum atrial septal defect.”, J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 632-6, 2004.

Publisher : J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth

Year : 2004

Cortriatriatum Sinister – Profile of 10 Cases.

Cite this Research Publication : E. Rajeev, S., H., Dr. Praveen Varma, Nair, K., Namboodiri, K. K. N., Dora, S. K., Krishnamoorthy, K. M., Sivasankaran, S., Kumar, A., Titus, T., Tharakan, J. A., and Mukundan, C., “Cortriatriatum Sinister – Profile of 10 Cases.”, Indian Heart J. , vol. 56, no. 5, 2004.


Publisher : Indian Heart J.

Year : 2004

Partial atrioventricular canal defect with cor triatriatum sinister: report of three cases

Cite this Research Publication : Varma PK, Warrier G, Ramachandran P, Neema PK, Manohar SRK, Titus T, Neelakandhan KS. Partial atrio-ventricular canal defect with cor-triatriatum sinister. Report of three cases. J Thorac Cardio Vasc Surg. 2004:127:572-3

Publisher : Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Year : 2004

Ascending aortic coarctation with mitral regurgitation-surgical outcome—A case report

Cite this Research Publication : K. G. Shyamkrishnan, Dr. Praveen Varma, Neelakandhan, K. S., and Tharakan, J. M., “Ascending aortic coarctation with mitral regurgitation-surgical outcome—A case report”, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 23 - 24, 2004.

Year : 2004

Aortic root replacement—The “Chitra” experience

Cite this Research Publication : R. Duara, Sarma, A., Dr. Praveen Varma, Unnikrishnan, M., Kumar, R., and Neelakandhan, K. S., “Aortic root replacement—The “Chitra” experience”, Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 38-39, 2004.


Publisher : Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Year : 2004

Long-Term Follow-up of Aortic Valve Replacement with Starr-Edwards Prosthesis

Cite this Research Publication : K. Nair, Dr. Praveen Varma, Krishnamoorthy, K. M., Chandrabhanu, P., Dora, S. K., Edwin, F., Pradeep, K. D., Harikrishnan, S., Sivasankaran, S., Ajithkumar, V. K., Titus, T., Tharakan, J. A., and Neelakandhan, K. S., “Long-Term Follow-up of Aortic Valve Replacement with Starr-Edwards Prosthesis”, Indian Heart J. , vol. 56, no. 5, 2004.


Publisher : Indian Heart J

Year : 2004

Long-term Follow-up of Mitral Valve Replacement in Children

Cite this Research Publication : M. S. Harikrishnan, Nair, K., Krishnamoorthy, K. M., Tharakan, J. A., Dr. Praveen Varma, Dora, S. K., Harikrishnan, S., Titus, T., Ajithkumar, V. K., Sivasankaran, S., Rajeev, E., Namboodiri, K. K. N., and Neelakandhan, K. S., “Long-term Follow-up of Mitral Valve Replacement in Children”, Indian Heart J., vol. 56, no. 5, 2004.

Publisher : Indian Heart J.

Year : 2003

Superior vena caval aneurysm

Cite this Research Publication : Dr. Praveen Varma, Dharan, B. S., Ramachandran, P., and Neelakandhan, K. Sankaran, “Superior vena caval aneurysm”, Interactive CardioVascular and Thoracic Surgery, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 331-333, 2003.

Publisher : Interactive CardioVascular and Thoracic Surgery

Year : 2003

Abdominal aortic occlusion due to aorto arteritis

Cite this Research Publication : Dr. Praveen Varma, Latha, M., Purushotham, S. Nambala, and Neelakandhan, K. Sankaran, “Abdominal aortic occlusion due to aorto arteritis”, European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, vol. 24, no. 3, p. 451, 2003.


Publisher : European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Elsevier Science BV

Year : 2003

Dysphagia lusorum

Cite this Research Publication : Dr. Praveen Varma, Anbarasu, M., Sreenivas, V. Gadhinglda, and Neelakandhan, K. Sankaran, “Dysphagia lusorum.”, Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann, vol. 11, no. 4, p. 376, 2003.

Publisher : Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann

Book Chapter

Year : 2021

Reconstructive Mitral Valve Surgery

Cite this Research Publication : Varma PK. "Reconstructive Mitral Valve Surgery. Update on Mitral Valve Reconstructive Surgery," In book: CSI 2020 UPDATE (pp. Chapter 112) Publisher: Evangel (2021)

Publisher : Evangel Publication

Year : 2018

Emergency Surgery after Percutaneous Mitral Valvotomy

Cite this Research Publication : Bayya PR, Neema P, Varma PK. "Emergency Surgery after Percutaneous Mitral Valvotomy". January (2018) In book: Percutaneous Mitral Valvotomy (pp.305-305). doi: 10.5005/jp/books/14152_36.

Publisher : JaypeeDigital

Patents

Year : 2024

Hemostatic agent and method of production thereof

Cite this Research Publication : Rangasamy, J., Sundaram, N.M., Ullas, Mony and Varma, P.K., Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, (2024) "Hemostatic agent and method of production thereof," U.S. Patent 11,903,961 (US20220054529A1)

Publisher : US20220054529A1

Year : 2021

Strong, flexible, and thrombus-free woven nanotextile based vascular grafts, and method of production thereof

Cite this Research Publication : D. Menon, Joseph, J., Varma, P., and Nair, S., “Strong, flexible, and thrombus-free woven nanotextile based vascular grafts, and method of production thereof”, 2021.

Publisher : US Patent 10,893,931

Work Experience
  • 2014 September- onwards – Professor and HOD, CVTS, AIMS, Kochi
  • 2010 Sep- 2014 September- Additional Professor CVTS, SCTIMST, Trivandrum
  • 2008 Jul- 2010 June-Senior Clinical Fellow, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
  • 2008 Jan- 2008 Jun-Chief Resident, Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Boston Medical Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
  • 2006 Jul-2007 Dec- Clinical Resident, Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Boston Medical Center, Boston University, MA, USA.
  • 2005-06- Passed USMLE Step1 (score-99) in July, Step2 CK (score-99) in September, Step 2CS in November, Step3 (score-95) in February. ECFMG certified in Feb 2006.
  • 2001 Jun – 2005 Mar, Assistant Professor of Cardio-Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India.
  • 2001 Jan–2001 Jun, Lecturer in Cardiac Surgery, Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, India.
  • 1998 Jan – 2000 Dec, Residency in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
  • 1996 Oct – 1997 Sep, Registrar in Cardiac Surgery, Kovai Medical Center and Hospital, Coimbatore, India
  • 1993-1996-MS General Surgery, Calicut Medical College
  • 1986-1992- MBBS, Calicut Medical College
Awards and Recognition

Patents

  1. Menon D, Joseph J, Varma P, Nair S. Strong, flexible, and thrombus-free woven nanotextile based vascular grafts, and method of production thereof, US Patent 10,893,931, 2021
  2. Rangasamy J, Sundaram NM, Mony U, Varma PK. Hemostatic agent and method of production thereof. (US20220054529A1) Reference No: 202041035602- Patent filed on 18 Aug 2020. The Patent Office Journal No. 08/2022 Dated 25/02/2022
  3. Rangasamy J, Sundaram NM, Mony U, Varma PK. Hemostatic agent and method of production thereof (Patent No.508118) Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham-Patent filed on 18 Aug 2020. Granted on 7 Feb 2024

Grants and Projects

  1. Translational Clot-activatable drenching nanoparticles to dissolve the clot and reinstate the perfusion: Demonstrated in pre-clinical rat model. (ICMR project, 2023- ongoing)
  2. Development of hemostatic agent for application in trauma in vascular surgery (ICMR project, 2022- ongoing)
  3. Thematic projects on frontiers of Nanosciences and Technology (TPF-Nano) Funding agency: Department of Sciences and Technology, Govt of India (completed)
  4. Long-term evaluation of TTK Chitra(TM) heart valve prosthesis- A retrospective prospective cohort study- ICMR funded-Principal Investigator – (2019-2022) Completed
  5. Flow cytometry in the early detection of sepsis (2018-2021)
  6. Bioadhesive, Hemostatic, and Antibacterial in situ Chitin-Fibrin Nanocomposite gel for Controlling Bleeding & Preventing Infections at Mediastinum (2018-2020)
  7. Nano Engineered Vascular graft: large animal trial (2018-2020)
  8. Nano Engineered Vascular patch application (2019-2021)
  9. Onsite PI -Preserve Prospective REgistry to Study Clinical OutcomEs of Repair of Mitral ValvEs in South Asia, Post-Market Registry, India (2018-2021)- Medtronic Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
  10. Onsite PI-Phase 3 clinical trial of Dafodil™ – 1 (2018-2020)-Meril Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd, Gujarat, India
  11. Onsite PI -Coronary Trial (On-pump vs. off-pump CABG) (2014-2016) – Results published in NEJM
  12. Onsite PI-Steroids In CaRdiac Surgery (SIRS) Trial (2007-2014) by Population Health Research Institute (PHRI), Hamilton, Canada­
  13. Development of Homograft Bank (2002-2004) – Pilot study-STEK Sponsored
  14. Co-Investigator, Homograft Project (2003 -2004), Project grant from the Ministry of Science and Technology
  15. Associate Investigator in animal experiments, unicentric and multicentric trials for the development of membrane oxygenator (1999-2004)
  16. Chief Investigator. Data Base for valve surgery. Project Grant from Edward Lifesciences

International and National trials

  1. Onsite PI- CABG Off or On Pump Revascularization Study (CORONARY) Trial by Population Health Research Institute (PHRI), Hamilton, Canada – Completed
  2. Steroids In CaRdiac Surgery (SIRS) Trial by Population Health Research Institute (PHRI), Hamilton, Canada­ – Completed
  3. Onsite PI -Preserve Prospective REgistry to Study Clinical OutcomEs of Repair of Mitral ValvEs in South Asia, Post-Market Registry, India (2018-2021)- Medtronic Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, Maharashtra, India (completed)
  4. Onsite PI-Phase 3 clinical trial of Dafodil™ – 1 (2018-2020)-Meril Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd, Gujarat, India (completed)

Reviewer

Cardiothoracic Journals

  • European Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery
  • Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery
  • Journal of Cardiac Surgery
  • Asian Cardiovascular and Thoracic Annals
  • Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery
  • BMC Cardiovascular Disorders
  • Annals of Thoracic Surgery
  • Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery
  • American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs
  • Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia

Cardiology

  • Journal of the American Heart Association
  • International Journal of Cardiology
  • Atherosclerosis and Vascular Biology
  • Global Heart
  • Future Cardiology
  • MDPI Journals
  • Frontiers Group
  • Nature Scientific reports

Material Journals

  • ACS Applied Bio Materials
  • Materials Today

Editorial Board

  • Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia
  • Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Professional Memberships

  • Indian Medical Association
  • CTSNet
  • Society for Heart Failure and Transplantation
  • IACTS | Indian Association of Cardiovascular-Thoracic Surgeons
  • Society of Coronary Surgeons
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