Course

Unit 1

UNIT I- Endocrine Pharmacology 10 hour

• Hormonal Signaling and their receptor modulations (3hrs)
• Free radical mechanism of endocrine dysfunctions (1h)
• Antithyroid agents (1 h)
• Oral hypoglycemics (2h)
• Oral contraceptives (1h)
• Corticosteroids(1h)
• Drugs affecting calcium regulation (1h)

Unit 2

UNIT II-Chemotherapy 10 hours

• Cellular and molecular mechanism of actions and resistance of antimicrobial agents (2 hr)
• ß-lactams, Aminoglycosides (1 hr)
• Quinolones (1 hr)
• Macrolide antibiotics (1 hr)
• Antifungals (1 hr)
• Antivirals (1 hr) 273

• Antitubercular agents with reference to the management of MDR and XDR -TBs (1 hr)
• Antiprotozoal agents (1 hr)
• Antihelminthics (1 hr)

Unit 3

UNIT III – Cancer Signaling & Chemotherapy 9 hours

Modulation of signaling pathways in cancer in relevance to novel chemotherapeutic agents.

• Cell cycle (1 h)
• Hippo signaling (1 h)
• Myc signaling (1 h)
• Notch signaling (1 h)
• nrf2 and pi-3-kinase signaling (1 h)
• Receptor-tyrosine kinase (rtk) / ras / map-kinase signaling (1 h)
• TGF β signaling (1 h)
• P53 and β-catenin / Wnt signaling (1 h)
• Oxidative stress Mediated Cellular Signaling in cancer (1 h)

Unit 4

UNIT IV- Immunopharmacology 10 hours

• Cellular and biochemical mediators of inflammation and immune (2 hrs)
• T cell signaling (2hrs)
• Steroid signaling in immunity (1 hr)
• Immunosuppressants (2 hrs)
• Immunostimulants (1 hr)
• Monoclonal Antibodies and Novel peptides (2hrs)

Unit 5

UNIT V-Miscellaneous 6 hours

• Health supplements and their mechanism
  • Neurological disorders (1 hr)
  • Endocrine disorders (1 hr)
  • CVD & CKD (1 hr)
  • GI diseases (1 hr)
  • Infertility (1 hr)
  • General weakness (1hr)

The course aims to comprehend the cellular and molecular basis behind the use of drugs in current clinical practice and how they interact with the human body. Knowledge of pharmacology can contribute to the development of new medications by studying the effects of drugs on cells, tissues, and organisms. It helps to explore novel potential therapeutic targets, design and synthesize new compounds, and assess their safety and efficacy. It provides knowledge of drug-receptor interactions, signal transduction pathways, and the impact of drugs on physiological processes to understand their mechanisms of action.

The course offers insights into how drugs are processed by the body, including factors such as bioavailability, drug clearance, and drug-drug interactions. It also emphasis the safety of medications, identifies potential side effects, and determines appropriate dosage regimens to minimize adverse reactions. Besides, it imparts a better understanding of individual drug response variability, the relevance of chrono pharmacology, pharmacogenetics, and drug interactions, and guides dose and drug selection. Additionally, it helps in pursuing careers in academia, conducting research to expand knowledge in pharmacology.

Upon successful completion of the course, the student shall be able to:

KNOWLEDGE 

K1: Enlist the possible novel drug targets in various pathological conditions.

K2: Describe the mechanism behind the action, ADR and off label use of drugs K3: Discuss the role of free radicals in pathogenesis of various disease or disorders K4: Explain the drugs impact on intracellular signalling pathways.

K5: Justify the role of biological rhythms in drug effectiveness and timing.

K6: Appraise the role of health supplements in the management of various disease or disorders

SKILL

S1 : Decipher the role of drugs in altering signalling pathways to affect physiological processes. S2 : Assess the safety profile of medications through identification and management of potential side effects.

S3 : Examine the rational use of clinically relevant drugs

S4 : Recommend better therapeutic alternatives in case of resistance or intolerance S5 : Interpret drug-drug interactions to avoid adverse effects and therapeutic failures. S6 : Evaluate scientific literature and research articles critically

ATTITUDE:

A1: Appraise the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in advancing pharmacological research and practice

A2: Adopt a proactive approach to understand and mitigate drug-related side effects and interactions.

A3: Foster a proactive and inquisitive attitude towards scientific inquiry

A4: Express curiosity and openness to explore novel drug targets and therapeutic innovations

A5: Embrace diversity in individual responses to medications, incorporating pharmacogenetic insights into practice

A6: Adhere to the continuous process of learning.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Laurence LB, Randa HD, Björn Goodman and Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of therapeutics. 13^thed.McGraw Hill: New York; 2017.
2. Katzung BG, Kruidering HM, Trevor Basic & Clinical Pharmacology.15^thed. McGraw-Hill Education: New York; 2019.
3. James R, Rod F, Graeme H, Yoon KL, David, Humphrey Rang& Dale’s Pharmacology. 9^thed.Churchill Living stone: Edinburgh Elsevier; 2020.
4. Kharen Whalen. Lippincott Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology. 8^thWolters Kluwer (India) Pvt. Ltd; 2022Lynn Wecker & Susan Ingram (Ed.) Brody’s Human Pharmacology.6^th ed. Elsevier. 2018
5. Eric J. Nestler, Steven E. Hyman, Robert C. Nestler, Hyman & Malenka’s Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience. 4^th McGraw Hill Medical.2019.
6. Vinay K, Abul KA, Jon CA. Robbins&Cortan. Pathologic Basisof Disease.10^th. Elsevier; 2020.
7. Joseph T Di Piro, Gary C Yee, L Michael Posey, Stuart T Haines, Thomas D Nolin, Vicki Ellingrod. Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiological Approach, 11^th McGraw Hill education; 2020.
8. David E Golan. Principles of Pharmacology: The Pathophysiologic Basis of Drug Therapy.4^th Wolter Kluwer; 2016.

JOURNALS:

1. Pharmacological Springer. https://link.springer.com/journal/43440
2. Frontiers in https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology
3. European Journal of Elsevier.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/european-journal-of-pharmacology

4. British Journal of Wiley.

https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/14765381

5. Pharmacological Elsevier. https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/pharmacological- research
6. Current Research in Pharmacology and Drug Elsevier.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/current-research-in-pharmacology-and-drug-discovery

7. Current Opinion in Elsevier. https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/current- opinion-in-pharmacology
8. Nature Reviews Endocrinology. https://www.nature.com/nrendo/
9. Nature Reviews Cancer. https://www.naturcom/nrc/
10. Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology. https://www.naturcom/nrclinonc/
11. Nature Reviews Immunology. https://www.naturcom/nri/
12. Nature Reviews Rheumatology. https://www.nature.com/nrrheum/
13. Springer. https://link.springer.com/journal/10787
14. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell https://www.nature.com/nrm/

ASSIGNMENTS:

1. Metabolic disorders and the importance of liver health
2. Therapeutic strategies in the management of hypogonadism, of gender reassignment surgeries, and their complications, Postmenopausal complications, HIV/ AIDS, other STDs, cerebral malaria, leishmaniasis

3. Drugs used in glaucoma, cataract, macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy and
4. Management of organ transplant rejection
5. Drugs used in extremes of age, pregnancy, and organ dysfunction
6. Drugs affecting skin and mucous
7. Vaccines and disease control in the current world