Course

Unit 1

Basic Aspects of Organic Chemistry: 4 Hours

Preliminary Reading: Organic intermediates: Carbocations, carbanions, free radicals, carbenes, and nitrenes. Their method of formation, stability, and synthetic applications.

1. Types of reaction mechanisms and methods of determining them, (2Hr)
2. Detailed knowledge regarding the reactions, mechanisms, and their relative reactivity and orientations. Addition reactions (2Hrs)
   1. Nucleophilic uni- and bimolecular reactions (SN1 and SN2)
   2. Elimination reactions (E1 & E2; Hoffman & Saytzeff’s rule)
   3. Rearrangement reaction

Unit 2

Study of mechanism and synthetic applications of the following named Reactions: 10 Hours

Ugi reaction, Brook rearrangement, Ullmann coupling reactions, (2Hrs)

1. Doebner-Miller Reaction, Mitsunobu reaction, Mannich reaction, (2Hrs)
2. Vilsmeyer-Haack Reaction, Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation, (2Hrs)

• Baeyer-Villiger oxidation, Shapiro & Suzuki reaction, (2Hrs)

1. Ozonolysis and Michael addition reaction (2Hrs)

Unit 3

Synthetic Reagents & Applications 6 Hours

1. Aluminium isopropoxide,

N-bromosuccinamide, diazomethane, (1Hr)

1. Dicyclohexylcarbodimide,

Wilkinson reagent, (1Hr)

• Witting reagent,

Osmium tetroxide, (1Hr)

1. Titanium chloride,

Diazopropane, (1Hr)

1. Diethyl azodicarboxylate,

Triphenylphosphine, (1Hr)

1. Benzotriazole-1-aryloxy) tris (dimethylamino) phosphoniumhexafluoro- phosphate (BOP). (1Hr)

Unit 4

Protecting groups 5 Hours

1. Role of protection in organic synthesis (1Hr)
2. Protection for the hydroxyl group, including 1,2-and1,3-diols: ethers, esters, carbonates, cyclic acetals & ketals (1Hr)
3. Protection for the Carbonyl Group: Acetals and Ketals (1Hr)
4. Protection for the Carboxyl Group: Amides and Hydrazides, Esters (1Hr)
5. Protection for the Amino Group and Amino acids: Carbamates and Amides (1Hr)

Unit 5

Heterocyclic Chemistry (9 Hours)

1. General methods of synthesis and reactions of five, six, membered and fused heterocycles such as
   1. Triazole, furan, (1Hr)
   2. Benzimidazole, (1Hr)
   3. Quinolone, (1Hr)
   4. Phenothiazine, and (1Hr)
2. Explanation of aromatic character in each , (2Hrs)

• Synthesis of any one representative drug from each heterocyclic
  1. Ketoconozole, furosemide, (1Hr)
  2. Phenobarbitone, chloroquine, (1Hr)
  3. Metronidazole, chlorpromazine, (1Hr)

Unit 6

Synthon approach and retrosynthesis applications 11 Hours

1. a) Basic principles, terminologies, and advantages of retrosynthesis; guidelines for dissection of molecules. (1Hr)
2. b) Functional group interconversion and addition (FGI and FGA) (2Hrs)

• a) C?X disconnections; (2Hrs)

1. b) C?C disconnections – alcohols and carbonyl compounds; 1,2?, 1,3?,1,4?, 1,5?, 1,6?difunctionalized compounds (3Hrs)
2. Strategies for synthesis of three, four, five, and six?membered (3Hrs)

The subject is designed to provide in-depth knowledge about advances in organic chemistry, different techniques of organic synthesis, and their applications to process chemistry as well as drug discovery. This involves the design and creation of new organic molecules, often with specific properties or functions. Advanced methods in synthesis include retrosynthetic analysis, asymmetric synthesis, and multi-step synthesis strategies. Understanding how organic reactions occur at the molecular level is fundamental to organic chemistry. Advanced studies delve into reaction mechanisms, stereochemistry, and kinetics. This field explores the relationship between the structure and reactivity of organic molecules.

Organic compounds are vital components of materials such as polymers, liquid crystals, and organic electronics. Advanced research focuses on the synthesis, characterization, and applications of these materials. It also investigates the interactions between organic molecules and biological systems. This includes the study of enzyme mechanisms, drug design, and molecular recognition in biological processes. A deeper understanding of organic reaction mechanisms, particularly those relevant to pharmaceutical synthesis, is essential. This may include detailed studies of key reactions such as nucleophilic substitutions, oxidations, and reductions.

This course equips students with comprehensive knowledge and practical skills in organic chemistry, focusing on reaction mechanisms and synthetic routes. Through theoretical and practical modules, students will learn to design and optimize synthetic pathways. The course also emphasizes critical thinking, teamwork, and effective communication, preparing students to contribute meaningfully to research and innovation in the field of organic chemistry.

Upon successful completion of the course, the student shall be able to:

KNOWLEDGE :

K1: Analyse the reaction mechanism of different classes of organic compounds

K2: Assess different types of protection of functional groups and selection of synthons during organic reactions

K3: Demonstrate advanced understanding of the detailed role and selection of different reagents in multi-step organic reactions

K4: Explain how to develop a new synthetic route

K5: Categorize the general methods of purification and structural elucidation

K6: Explain the synthetic route of designed molecules by retrosynthetic approach

SKILL

S1: Design a new class of molecules with high therapeutic value

S2: Determine the Structural elucidation of organic molecules by spectral analysis

S3: Display proficiency in the optimisation of the synthetic condition of organic molecules

S4: Development of heterocyclic-derived molecules with suitable functional groups on the rings

S5: Identify the reaction progress and determine the impurities present in the organic reaction S6: Develop new molecules based on the protection of existing functional groups ATTITUDE

A1: Demonstrate a systematic learning process in the field of organic reactions

A2: Participate in group discussions to plan a new synthetic scheme.

A3: Display good writing skills for the construction of research and review articles in internationally recognized journals

A4: Exhibit a team leader quality for conducting research

A5: Evaluate the scientific literature, identify potential pitfalls in experimental design, and propose creative solutions to synthetic challenges.

A6: Cultivate an interdisciplinary perspective, enabling them to collaborate effectively with researchers from diverse backgrounds

Reference Books:

1. Smith, , & March, J, March’s advanced organic chemistry: Reactions, mechanisms, and structure. 6^th edition, Wiley-Interscience, 2007
2. Clayden, , Greeves, N., & Warren, S, Organic Chemistry, 2^nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2012
3. L. Finar, Organic Chemistry Vol I and II. 6^th edition, Pearson Education Ltd, 1973
4. Francis Carey, Organic Chemistry, 5^th Edition, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Limited, 2007.

5. Warren, G., & Wyatt, P. Organic synthesis: The disconnection approach, 2^nd edition, John Wiley & Sons. 2008
6. O.C. Norman and J.M. Coxon, Principles of Organic Synthesis, 3rd Edition, CRC Press, 2017
7. Ahluwalia, V. K., & Aggarwal, R, Organic synthesis: Special techniques. 2^nd edition, Alpha Science International, 2006
8. Ahluwalia, K., & Parashar, R. K, Organic reaction mechanisms. 3^rd revised edition, Alpha Science International, 2011

Journals:

1. Journal of Organic Chemistry [ACS]
2. Organic Letters [ACS]
3. Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry [Wiley]
4. Tetrahydron [ Elsievier]
5. New Journal of Chemistry [RSC]
6. European Journal of Organic Chemistry [Wiley]

1. Design the retrosynthetic scheme for a few marketed drugs
2. Various techniques of protection and deprotection of various molecules containing hydroxyl and amino functional groups
3. Interpret the NMR spectra of some major organic